Financial Accounting
Fatemeh Jalali Gorgani; Mohammadreza Abdoli; Hasan Valiyan; Mehdi Safari gerayli; Mohammad Mehdi Hossini
Abstract
The purpose of this study is evaluation matrix of perspective on the driving forces of legacy accounting. In this study, in terms of the methodological goal, this study is exploratory and from the perspective of the result, it is placed in the category of applied research. The participants in the qualitative ...
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The purpose of this study is evaluation matrix of perspective on the driving forces of legacy accounting. In this study, in terms of the methodological goal, this study is exploratory and from the perspective of the result, it is placed in the category of applied research. The participants in the qualitative part include 12 academic experts and accounting professors who have professional experience in the field of accounting and financial reporting, and in the quantitative part 22 people from managers and board members of companies with the nature of family ownership in this study as a pairwise comparison they participated. The result of this study in the qualitative part indicated the existence of 3 categories, 8 components and 39 themes as drivers of legacy accounting in family ownership, which was confirmed based on Delphi analysis. Then, by choosing 2 factors out of 8 identified components as the basis of scenario creation, 10 themes identified as sub-factors of scenario creation were examined. The result of the acquisition in a quantitative part indicates the existence of 4 scenarios with a favorable situation, which shows that the scenario of the second quarter with the metaphorical title of "Governance Hegemony" was determined to be the most effective driver in the emergence of legacy accounting in family-owned companies. IntroductionFamily-owned companies always face the assumption of opportunism at the level of the capital market from the point of view of market theorists and analysts, the reason for which is the large number of board members affiliated with the company owner or holding management positions in the decision-making structure of this type of companies (Sun et al., 2023). Assuming the acceptance of such an approach, it can be concluded that the method of financial functions and information disclosure is also done with the aim of covering the priorities of those in power in such a structure. Under such conditions, the violation of the rights of the beneficiaries can be considered the most important consequence of investing in these companies (Rezayee Pitenoei et al., 2021). Legacy accounting, as a term in such a structure with family ownership, can be considered a kind of practice in the shadow or parallel to the main accounting method of companies, which is used by the management of these companies to satisfy their opportunistic needs (De Wolf et al., 2020). In fact, legacy accounting is considered to be the result of a method of information disclosure that systematically prioritizes the interests of those in power over the interests of other shareholders. This is done in order to stimulate new investors to invest in the company's shares on the one hand and maintain the loyalty of current shareholders on the other. Additionally, it is used to secure their interests by providing cash for the development of investment plans and projects (Lloyd et al., 1999). Literature ReviewLegacy accounting aims to secure the interests of the majority of family owners by increasing the cost of minority shareholders, both in terms of money and share value (Wild, 2015). In fact, the interests of the majority of the shares, by increasing the members of family ownership through opportunistic accounting procedures, can deepen the conflict of interest between the internal owners (family owners) who control the company and external shareholders. This conflict of interest in legacy accounting procedures manifests in various ways, such as selling the company's products at a lower price to related people, hiring unqualified family members in the company, increasing the salary and benefits of family members, or showing an increase in tax payment. For example, companies often seek to minimize taxes, but some studies based on the accounting practices of family-owned companies show increased tax payments (Xia et al., 2017), as these companies aim to fulfill their financial obligations and seek to enhance their reputation by promoting social responsibility. MethodologyWhen designing the model, it is crucial to consider the execution method, ensuring that the phenomenon under investigation lacks an integrated framework and coordination within the target society, at least in terms of content. Therefore, given the lack of necessary theoretical coherence of the concept of legacy accounting within family-owned companies, as discussed in the theoretical foundations and introduction, this research is categorized as developmental research in terms of the result. The research approach of the current study, in terms of data collection logic, is of a hybrid type. This is because it explores a phenomenon for which there is no comprehensive framework in the theoretical areas of legacy accounting at the level of capital market functions, or where consensus is lacking. Therefore, the analysis of the qualitative part and the reliance on the data theory method are used to present the dimensions of the legacy accounting model as a multidimensional model.For this purpose, Glaser's (1992) emergent approach is used to develop the legacy accounting model through three stages of coding by using interviews with experts. In this approach, the theory emerges from the data, and researchers do not have presuppositions regarding the relationship between the data from the beginning. Additionally, based on the emergent foundation data theorizing strategy, data analysis begins simultaneously with the interviews (Kolayeanmoghadam et al., 2020). In terms of the purpose, this research fallswithin the category of exploratory studies conducted using both quantitative and qualitative models. The present study employs various research methods to address the formulated questions, tailoring each method to the specific needs of the respective department. Therefore, based on the nature of collection, this study can be classified as mixed research. Thus, different methods are employed for data collection and analysis at each stage of this study's analytical processes. ResultThis research, by undertaking through three main steps in the theoretical analysis of foundational data including open coding, selective coding, and core coding, seeks to explore the concept of heritage accounting development based on a theoretical framework. Through 12 interviews conducted across three stages of open coding, central coding, and selective coding, a total of three categories, eight components, and 39 conceptual themes were identified. These dimensions were determined after Delphi analysis to ensure reliability. Next, aiming to formulate future scenarios for evaluating the driving forces behind the development of legacy accounting in family ownership, the most effective axes for this evaluation were determined using the Micmac matrix by identifying the inputs and outputs of the matrix model. As a result, this section confirmed governance opportunism and behavioral opportunism as the primary driving factors influencing legacy accounting in family-owned companies. Subsequently, through the reciprocal matrix, scenarios describing the driving forces in the emergence of this accounting practice were determined. ConclusionThe term hegemony means the dominance of a group of power holders over others. The extension of this concept to the mechanism of governance refers to the fact that a powerful person as an owner, in an effort to protect their interests, tries to make arbitrary appointments based on the level of loyalty to the person in power. Decisions should be made solely to achieve the goals and visions set by the powerful person. In this governance structure, while the size of the board of directors may adhere to rules and requirements, the absence of conflict of interest and diversity of views within the board compromises its ability to effectively monitor the company's operations, leading to decisions primarily aligned with the owner's objectives. In such structures, the board of directors often lacks the necessary independence to make decisions contrary to the opinions of those in power. Instead, they merely symbolically apply external supervision to maintain market stability. In general, the scenario of hegemonic governance shows the promotion of the dominant values and culture of the power holders in a company, which is a model of the pervasive dominance of their ideas and opinions over the entire company. Additionally, this result indicates that legacy accounting within such a regulatory process serves as an instrumental approach, a lever to advance governance goals in family companies. By selectively disclosing news and information to stakeholders, it seeks to protect the interests of these individuals or the so-called powerful person
Mohammad Poorsamiei; Mohammadreza Abdoli; Hasan Valiyan; Mehdi Safari gerayli
Abstract
Critical thinking in any profession will help the dynamism of that profession to create responsibility. Auditing also requires critical thinking to meet the needs and expectations of stakeholders in the capital market, a thinking that better understands deviant approaches, distortion, and fraud in financial ...
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Critical thinking in any profession will help the dynamism of that profession to create responsibility. Auditing also requires critical thinking to meet the needs and expectations of stakeholders in the capital market, a thinking that better understands deviant approaches, distortion, and fraud in financial performance, and demonstrates a stronger understanding and intuition against such situations. This research seeks to identify the approaches of critical thinking of auditors and its representation in the form of link analysis. In order to identify the criteria for critical thinking in the profession, systematic search was used on theoretical foundations with the help of accounting experts. Through metasyn thesis analysis, the propositions related to critical thinking in the profession were identified and as a result, the components of analytical capability, inferential capability and intuitive capability were determined as important dimensions in creating critical thinking in the auditing profession. There was a systemic link between connections and impact. The results showed that in order to strengthen the approaches of critical thinking in professional judgments, the existence of technical and specialized knowledge is considered as an important stimulus that gives the auditor results such as improving the level of intuition and the power of mental analysis.
Sayeedeh Mirzayee; Mohammadreza Abdoli; Alireza Koushki jahromi
Abstract
Efficient market hypothesis predicts that capital markets are beset with cer-tain biases which result from wrong estimation, and negatively influence shareholders’ expectations for higher returns, which in turn affects invest-ment efficiency, financial constraints and corporate performance efficacy ...
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Efficient market hypothesis predicts that capital markets are beset with cer-tain biases which result from wrong estimation, and negatively influence shareholders’ expectations for higher returns, which in turn affects invest-ment efficiency, financial constraints and corporate performance efficacy in competitive markets, and eventually mitigates firm value. The present study aims Financial reporting language Bad on Aggressive Financial Reporting Investor protection over the period 2013-2017. Earnings forecast error and CEOs’ overconfidence biases serve as the measure of CEO’s perceptual biases, the model developed by Biddle et al (2009) is employed to proxy for investment efficiency, and KZ model is also adopted to calculate financing constraints. The results reveal that both earnings forecast error and overconfidence biases negatively affect investment efficiency, while they positively influence cor-porate financing constraints. These results indicate that CEO’s perceptual biases creates a constraint on financing, and, on the other hand, reduces the efficiency of corporate investments. Under these conditions, the trust and confidence of investors and shareholders in relation to the company will be reduced, and the company will face negative features like the risk of a financial crisis.
